全文可在 http://memp.pratt.duke.edu/downloads/duke_outsourcing_2005.pdf下载。
The outsourcing debate has been complicated due to conflicting definitions of the
engineering profession. Different statistical survey groups have adopted their own
engineering classifications. Additionally, definitions vary greatly internationally. Within
academic and professional settings, an engineer is defined as a person capable of
using scientific knowledge to solve real-world problems. Engineers utilize their
knowledge of math and science to achieve practical ends. However, this definition
makes it difficult to count engineering populations. In the U.S., the following definitions
have been used in various surveys and reports: an individual working in an engineering
occupation; an individual's highest or most recent degree; anyone with an engineering
degree or occupation.
Through our research, we have identified two main groups of engineering graduates:
dynamic engineers and transactional engineers. Dynamic engineers are individuals
capable of abstract thinking and high-level problem solving using scientific knowledge.
These engineers thrive in teams, work well across international borders, have strong
interpersonal skills, and are capable of translating technical engineering jargon into
common diction. Dynamic engineers lead innovation. The majority of dynamic
engineers have a minimum of a four-year engineering degree from nationally accredited
or highly regarded institutions.
Transactional engineers may possess engineering fundamentals, but not the
experience or expertise to apply this knowledge to larger problems. These individuals
are typically responsible for rote and repetitive tasks in the workforce. Transactional
engineers often receive associate, technician or diploma awards rather than a
bachelor's degree.
The Chinese Ministry of Education is considered to be the definitive source for
information relating to China's graduation data. We spoke with the Ministry of
Education at length and learned several important points about its engineering
graduation data. ... However, these statistics are still misleading. There are
questions about what qualifies as an engineering program. As a result, any bachelor's
or short-cycle degree with "engineering" in its title is included in these numbers,
regardless of the degree's field or the academic rigor associated with it. This means
that the reported number of engineers produced by China in 2004 may very well include
the equivalent of motor mechanics and industrial technicians.
In all likelihood, this 644,106 number may not be comparable to the engineering
production in the United States and India. The Ministry of Education told us that their
aggregate numbers were obtained by adding the numbers of "engineering" graduates
as reported by different provinces. These provinces were not required to report these
degrees by major and further there was no standard definition of engineering between
the provinces.
Outsourcing creates a clear threat to certain professions and it is likely that this trend
will continue. It seems that the jobs of transactional engineers are easily outsourced and
are routinely being taken by relatively low paid engineers in countries like India and
China. However, the outsourcing of high-level engineering and IT professions is
another story. These jobs often require specialized dynamic engineers: individuals with
strong interpersonal skills, technical knowledge and the ability to communicate across
borders.
The great majority of engineers involved in outsourced professions hold a minimum of a
four-year degree. ... However, a recent McKinsey global labor market study
argues that this estimate is far too generous. McKinsey concluded that only 10% of
Chinese engineers and 25% of Indian engineers can compete in the global outsourcing
arena.4 McKinsey attributed these figures to limited language proficiency, educational
quality, cultural issues, job accessibility and the attractiveness of domestic non-
outsourced jobs.
So, the real threat to the United States' science and technology economy exists in a
subset of the engineering populations produced by China and India. Foreign dynamic
engineers trained by accredited universities with high language proficiencies and close
proximity to their country's industrial and commercial centers are the most likely to
compete with U.S.-based engineers for offshore engineering jobs, and they also will be
central to innovation drives in their domestic economies.
However, McKinsey Global Institute believes that in a worst-case scenario, 49% of
packaged software, 44% of infotech services, 25% of banking services, 19% of
insurance jobs and 13% of pharmaceutical jobs could be outsourced.7 These again are
services that can be produced by transactional engineers.
Today's global economy is technology driven. As a result, innovations within the
engineering and science sectors are of principal importance. Engineers will continue to
play a prominent role in this process; the real question is where these engineers will be
located. We have shown that when evaluated on a level playing field, the United States
is producing a competitive number of engineers, computer scientists and information
technology specialists. The challenge for the United States over the next decade will be
to retain its role as a global pacesetter in the education of engineering and scientific
talent and thereby to sustain its legacy as a preeminent technological innovator.
以上的段落告诉我们至少5点信息：
1. 中国人不应该自己惊人的大学毕业生的人数而骄傲；
2. 中国人根本没弄清什么叫"Engineering",也错误的定义了"Engineer";
3. 文章说中国大学工程学本科毕业生只有10%能参与国际竞争，我认为这个数字也太过夸张了，5%差不多合理。
4. 中国人也是有机会的，不过一定要有"国际化的眼光"。不但要培养学生解决问题的能力，更要鼓励他们参与国际间的交流和竞争，光把眼光放在学校内，国内是绝对没有出路的。
5. 搞外包决不意味着照着specification上画画GUI，写几个事件监听方法。
另外：我的脚下午打篮球时扭伤了 :(
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